Psychology

2008 - 2009 f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqohg idfmalaIj f,dalfha we;sjQ ienE wd¾Ólh yd ixfÄ;d;aul wd¾Ólh w;r >Ügkh  

f,dalfha wd¾Ól w¾nqo we;sùu wdrïN jkafka jevjiï iudc wjêhg;a fmr isgh' tys b;sydih 03 jk Y; j¾Ih olajd Èjhhs' th l%s' j' 235 - 384 ld,h frdau wêrdcHfhka wdrïNjkakls' t;eka isg Okjdofha § b;d m‍%n, f,i fuu wd¾Ól w¾nqohka mek ke.=k w;r jir 500 l Okjdofha b;sydih ;=, wmg yuqjk wd¾Ól w¾nqo .Kkdjla we;'

tfy;a Okjdofha wjidk ld,h f,i" úfYaIfhka 21 jk Y;j¾Ifha f,dj mqrd wd¾Ól w¾nqo /,a,la ks¾udKh fjñka mj;s' fuf,i 18 jk Y;j¾Ifha wd¾Ól w¾nqo 07 l=;a 19 jk Y;j¾Ifha;a wd¾Ól w¾nqo 15 l=;a j¾;d jk w;r 20 Y;j¾Ifha § th 22 olajd by< .sfhah' tfy;a 21 jk Y;j¾Ih wdrïN ù jir 15 la hEug u;af;ka f,dj mqrd wd¾Ól w¾nqo 12 la jd¾;d ùfuka wmg kej; kej;;a fmkakqï lrñka isákafka Okjdoh tys wjidkh lrd wefoñka mj;sk njhs'

fuu wd¾Ól w¾nqohkag uqyqK fok m‍%Odk rgj,a w;r úYd, f,i j¾;d ;nd we;af;a Okjdofha mshjreka jk tlai;a rdcOdksh iy weußld tlai;a ckmohhs' ld,a udlaiag wkqj wd¾Ól w¾nqohka we;s ùu Okjdoh ;=, wksjd¾hla jk w;r újD; fj<|fmd, ;=, m‍%d.aOkh talrdYs ùu fya;=fjka iy widudkH f,i Okh fn§hdfuka fuf,i wd¾Ól w¾nqohka ks¾udKh jk njhs' 1920 iy 1930 § isÿjq f,dal wd¾Òl wjmd;h 20 fjks Y;j¾Ifha igyka jQ oreKqu wd¾Ól wjmd;hs'

bkamiqj 2008 § weußld tlai;a ckmofha isÿjq uq,H w¾nqoh fuu Y; j¾Ifha isÿjq oreKqu wd¾Ól w¾nqoh njg m;aúh' fldgia fj<|fmd, lvd jeàu;a" Kh f.ùug fkdyelsùu;a" ksjdi Kh iy Kh m;a ^Credit Card& Kh yryd isÿjq 2008 wd¾Ól w¾nqoh iukh lr .eksug weußldj m‍%uqL ngysr rgj, úfYaI wdhdihla oeÍug isÿúh'

thska jir 08 lg miqj kej;;a tjeksu wd¾Ól w¾nqohl fmr ksñ;s my, fjñka mj;sk w;r th 2015 foieïn¾ ui jk úg úúO wd¾Ól o;a;hka yryd fmkakqï lf<ah' úfYaIfhka f,dalfha m‍%Odk fldgia fj<|fmd, j, isÿjk fjkialï iy lvd jeàï fï i|yd WodyrK imhhs' 2015 fojk w¾Oh muK jkúg fldgia fj<|fmdf<ys wúksYaÑ;;djh by< .sh w;r th tia'wekaÙ'mSS 500 o¾Ylh u.ska myeÈ,s úh'

tia'wekaÙ'mSS 500 o¾Ylh ^Standered & Poors 500& u.sska ms<sìUqq jkafka tlai;a ckmo fldgia fj<|fmdf,ys .Kqfokq ms<sn| f;dr;=reh' tlai;a ckmofha fuu fldgia ñ, o¾Ylh u.ska weußlka fldgia fj<|fmdf,ys C%shd;aul jk úYd,u iud.ï 500 ys fldgia .Kqfokq ms<sn| ;;ajh ksrEmkh lrk neúka tu o¾Ylh wd¾Òlfha uq,H ;;ajh ms<sn|j b;d meyeÈ,s woyila ,ndfoa' 2016 jir wdrïNfha§u tu o¾Ylhlska my<hEu fuu uq,H w¾nqoh úoydmdhss'

f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqo 

1997 j¾IfhaoS kef.kysr iy w.aksos. wdishdfõ yg.;a uQ,H w¾nqoh

kef.kysr iy wdishdfõ rgj, wd¾Ól ;;a;aj Yla;su;aj mj;ajdf.k hñka tl úgu tu rgj, ;=<s; wd¾:sl j¾Okhla we;slr.kq ,eìKs' by< wd¾Ól j¾Ok wkqmd;hka" wvq WoaOuk wkqmd;hka" wêl foaYSh b;sßlsÍï yd wdfhdack uÜgï" fj<| fYaIhka iy whjeh ys`.h wvq uÜgul mej;Su hk wxYhka fuu ;=<s; j¾Okh ;=< olakg ,enqKs' by< j¾Ok fõ.h jd¾;dlrkq ,enqfõ ;dhs,ka;h" uef,aishdj" bkaÿkSishdj iy isx.mamQrej iy ol=Kq fldßhdj hk rgj,a foaYSh fukau ndysr idOl fya;=fldgf.k 1996 jk úg j¾Ok fõ.h wvd,ùfï i<l=Kq m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,eîh'

;dlaIKsl wxYfha isÿjQ m%idrKh ksidfjka by< j¾Ok wkqmd;hla mj;ajd .;ay' fláld,Sk jYfhka we;sjk m%;s,dNhka ksid úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhka wdishdkq rgj, mq¿,a jYfhka wdfhdackh lrkq ,eîh' fuysoS fj<|fmd< úfoaYhS wdfhdaclhka  úiska fufyhjkq ,eîu fya;=fjka úfoaYSh m%d.aOkhrg ;=<g .,d tAu osß .ekajQ w;r wêl fmd<S wkqmd; fya;=fjka foaYSh wdfhdaclhska wffO¾hu;a lrkq ,eîh'

fjk;a rgj,a ms<sn| úuiSula l<fyd;a ;dhs,ka;fha frosms<s mdjyka ma,diaála iy we`.¨ï Y%u msßjeh w.aksos. wdishdfõ fjk;a rgj, mj;akd Y%u msßjeh fuka ;=ka .=Khg jvd jeäúh' kef.kysr iy w.aksos. wdishdkq rgj,ska jeä fldgilg jeä fldgilg jHjydr uqo,a tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh u; t,a,d ;snQ ksid tlai;a ckmo fvd,rfhys w.h jeäùu wdishdkq ks¾hd;hkag t,a,jQ myrla úh' wdishdkq rgj,ska jeä fldgila m%Odk jYfhka fm!oa.,sl mß>Kl iy w¾O ikakdhlhka wmkhklrejka jQ neúka fvd,rfha w.h jeäùu yereKqúg úoaHq;a NdKav i|yd jQ b,a¨u my; jeàu o wdishdkq wd¾Ólhkag wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,eîh¡  ^wd¾Ól úuiqu-foie$ck'"2009&'

Y%S ,xldj kef.kysr wdishdkq w¾nqohg uqyqK ÿka wdldrh

wúksYaÑ; f,dal jd;djrKh hgf;a ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK oSug Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg 1997 oS yelshdj ,eìKs' 1970 .Kkaj, uq,a Nd.fhaoS fn%Üka jqâia l%uh ì| jeàfuka miqj we;sjQ oreKq;u w¾nqoh jk kef.kysr wdishdkq w¾nqofhka Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg we;sjQfha iq¿ n,mEuls' ukao h;a Yla;su;a yd uQ,H l%uhl" fhda.H id¾j wd¾Ól yd úksuh wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s" ¥ro¾YS wëlaIK l%uhla mj;ajd .ekSu hk wdosfhys jeo.;alu fuu uQ,H w¾nqoh u.ska meyeos,sj fmkajd oS we;'

fuysoS Y%S ,xldfõ cx.u .sKquq .kqfokq uq¿ukskau ksoyia lr we;' óg wu;rj wmkhk ,eîï NdroSfï wjYH;dj fkdue;' m%d.aOk .sKqu ksoyia lsÍfïoS mjd m%fõYïl%uhla rg wkq.ukh lr we;' m%d.aOk .sKqu ;rula ÿrg ksoyia lr we;s w;r fuh fndfyda ixj¾Okh jk rgj,g jvd ksoyia ;;a;ajhls'

1995 g fmr úfoaYSh jHjydr uqo,a nexl= tall yer Y%S ,xldfõ jdKsc nexl=j,g foaYShkaf.ka Kh ,nd .ekSug wjir oS fkd;sìKs' Tjqkag oskm;d l%shdldÍ fYaIhka mj;ajd .ekSug muKla yelshdj ;snqKs' fï ;=<ska foaYSh nexl= fukau foaYSh jHjidhlhkao úfoaYSh wxYh fj; wêl f,i újD; ùfuka wdrlaId lf<ah'

wfkla w;g w¾nqohla mj;soaoS;a 1997 oS ia:dhS uQ,H fj<|fmd,la mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ jQ wfkla idOlh kï kuHYS,S úksuh wkqmd;sl l<ukdlrKhhs' úksuh ñ,oS .ekSï yd úl=Kqï wkqmd; w;r 2] l mr;rhla mj;ajd .ksñka Y%S ,xld uynexl=j úksuh wkqmd;slj, we;s wêl úp,khka wvq lsÍug ueosy;a úh' o< foaYSh ksIamdok wkqmd;hla jYfhka uq¿ Kh f;d.h 1996 oS mej;s 70] isg 1997 oS 63] olajd my; jegqKs' Kh fiajd f.ùïo myiqfjka md,kh l< yels uÜgul mej;=k ksid YsIag m%fhda. iy nexl= lghq;= ms<sn| olajk ,o by< iqmßlaIdldÍ ùuo tu.ska lrk ,o ld,Sk yd WÑ; uQ,H m%;sm;a;s m%;spdrhka kef.kysr wdishdkq uQ,H w¾nqOfha WÉP;u wjia:dfõoS foaYSh uQ,H fj<|fmdf,a we;súh yelsj ;snQ wê iïfmaaIK ;;a;ajhkag tfrysj l%shd;aul ùug WmldÍ úh ^uy nexl=j" 1997&'

kef.kysr wdishdkq w¾nqo flá ld,Sk ;;a;ajhkaf.a m%;súmdl u.yrjd .;a kuq;a oshuka;s" rn¾ iy fmd,a jeks we;eï úfYaIs; wmkhk wê;uhka kef.kysr wdishd;sl rgj,ska mej;s b,a¨fï ;shqKq ixfldapkhka uqof,a w.h my; jeàu ksid ñ, my; jeàu;a fya;=fjka oeä ;r`.ldÍ;ajhlg ,la úh' flfia fj;;a kef.kysr wdishdkq uQ,H w¾nqoh Y%S ,xldjg t;rï n,mEula isÿlr ke;s nj meyeos,sjkq we;'

f,dal uQ,H w¾nqoh 2007-2012

2007 j¾Ifha wf.daia;= udifha isg f,dalh mqrd uQ,H yd wd¾Ól w¾nqohka jHdma; jQ w;r th we't'c' m%uqL fkdjk Wlia Kh fj<|fmd<ska we;sjQ njg fmdÿfõ woyia flf¾' m%uqL fkdjk Wlia Kh iïnkaO iq/l=ï.; uQ,H fj<|fmd, ms<sn| wdfhdaclhkaf.a úYajdih ì|S hdfuka fj<|fmdf,a .kqfokq jQ úúO iq/l=ï.; neÿïlr iy iq/l=ï flá ld,hla ;=< wf,ú lsÍu;a tajdfha b,a¨u lvd jeàu;a fya;= fldg f.k fuu w¾nqoh wdrïN jQ w;r miqj f,dalh mqrd nexl= iy uQ,H fj<|fmd,j,a ms<sn|jo úYajdih l%ufhka ì|jefgñka f,dal uQ,H w¾nqohla jYfhka jHdma; úh¡

úfYaIfhkau tlai;a ckmofha foam< yd ksjdi wxYfha yg.;a fj<| mßydKsh Okj;a fukau os<÷ rgj,g me;sfrkakd jQ f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqohla f,iska m%ldY úh' tlai;a ckmofha wêl mßfNdack rgdjka ;=<ska w¾nqOh yg .ekqks' uOHfhya we;sjQ ì|jeàu tlai;a ckmoh u; r|d mj;skakd jQ fiiq wd¾Ólhka flf¾ ksfYaOkd;aul m%;sl%shd l%uhla we;s l<y' Ökh cmdkh fvd,¾ kñka jQ j;alï /ia lsÍug W;aiql jQ wfkl=;a wdishdkq rgj, fj<| w;sßla;hla we;s lrñka jir .Kkdjla mQrd j¾Okh jkakd jQ tlai;a ckmo uQ,H ys`.h mshùug uqo,a iemhsks'

m%d.aOkh úYd, jYfhka rg ;=<g .,d tau iy uQ,H ms<sfj; ,sys,a lsÍu u.ska wvq fmd<S wkqmd; mj;ajdf.k hdug tlai;a ckmohg yels úh' wvq fmd<S wkqmd; u.ska wdodhï uÜgu jeäùfï úl,am wdfhdack uQ,dY% ms<sn| mdßfNda.slhka ;=< wfmalaIdjka we;s lrkq ,enQ w;r foam< yd ksjdi u.ska m%odkh lrk ,o wdl¾YkSh fmd<S u.ska fuu fiùu imqrd,kq ,eîh' foam< yd ksjdi i|yd we;s b,a¨u m%n, f,i by< kexùh' fï fya;=fjka iufmaIK udhdjla oDIHudk úh' foam< yd ksjdi ñ,oS .ekSu i|yd Kh ,nd .ekSfïoS nexl= ,sys,a m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh l<y' flfia fj;;a wjidkfha iufmalaIK udhdj mqmqrd hñka we;sjQ ;;a;ajh ksid nexl= jid oeófï jdj;lg msúiSug isÿúh'

úfoaYSh rgj,g uQ,H w¾nqoh me;sr .sfha uQ,sl jYfhka fya;= 3la mokï lr f.kh' tkï tu rgj, nexl= weußldj iy hqfrdamfha iq/l=ïlrK fj<|fmdf<ys iq/l=ï.; neÿïlrj, uqo,a wdfhdackh fldg ;sîu ksid w,dN isÿúh' fojkqj tu rgj, uqo,a wdfhdackh fldg isÿjQ w,dN mshùug fuu rgj, wdfhdackhka wdmiq .ekSug fm<ôk' fï ksid fuu rgj,aj, oeä úfoaY úksuh w¾nqohkag uqyqK ÿks' f;jkqj ixj¾ê; rgj, NdKav yd fiajd b,a¨u wvqùu fya;=fldgf.k ixj¾Okh jk rgj, wmkhk wvqùu ksid úfoaY.; úksuh iy foaYSh wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g oeä n,mEula we;súh' tfukau fuu rgj,aj, ;ekska ;ek nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;k ms<sn| úYajdih ì|jeà nexl= w¾nqohka we;súh' tu ksid fuu rgj,o wd¾Ólh miqneiSï we;súh¡

f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqohg uy nexl=j úiska úúO m%;spdr olajd we;' fuu l%shdud¾. ;=<ska f.da,Sh uQ,H moaO;sh ì|jeàu je<elaùug yelsjQ w;r fïjdhska iuyrla my; mßos oelaúh yelsh' ta w;r fláld,Sk uqo,a fj<|fmd< ;=< we;sj ;snQ mSvkh wju lsÍfï wruqKska úYd, jYfhka øjYS,;djla iemhSu b,lal lr.;a l%shdud¾. fõ'

fláld,Sk fj<|fmd<jla fj; me;sÍ .sh fokj wjia:dj ;=< uy nexl=j úiska fj<|fmd, iyNd.Sjkakka fj; wruqo,a ksl=;a lsÍfïos l,amsÍfï ld,h oS¾> lsÍu" m%;smd¾Yj lrejka yd wem f,i Ndr.;yels WmlrK mrdih jvd mq¿,a lsÍu hkdoS l%shdud¾. fhdod .ksñka øjYS,S;djla iemhQ w;r mq¿,a uQ,H fj<|fmd,j,a ;=< mej;s øjYS,;d mSvk ,sys,a lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,oS ^uy nexl=j"2009&'

2007 wf.daia;= udifhaoS wdrïN jQ f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqofha uq,a wjia:djkays oshqKq rgj, wka;¾ nexl= Kh iemhSï fndfyda ÿrg wvqùug m%;spdrhla f,i uy nexl= ueosy;aùu isÿlrkq ,eîh' tf,iu uy nexl=j úiska jvd idïm%odhsl uqo,a m%;sm;a;s l%shdldrlï u; m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;sl wvqlsÍu jeks l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'

f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqoh fokj iirg t<fUk úg uQ,H moaO;s ia:dhS;dj we;s lsÍu uy nexl=j úiska idïm%odhsl fkdjk m%;sm;a;Ska l%shdjg kxjkq ,eîh' 2008 jir ;=< f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqoh yuqfõ uy nexl=j .;a l%shdud¾.j, jeo.;a ,laIKh jkafka f,dj m%Odk nexl= ;u m%;sm;a;Ska iïnkaëlrKh lrñka l%Svdjg kexùuhs' ta jf.au uy nexl=j úiska nexl= fkdjk wxYfha Kh ;;a;ajhka ,sys,a lsÍug .;a l%shdud¾. fuysoS jeo.;a fõ ^uy nexl=j" 2009&'

fï wdldrhg f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqohg uy nexl=j úi÷ï iemhQfha fï wdldrhghs' flfia fj;;a úfoaYSh rgj,aj,g fuu uQ,H w¾nqofha n,mEu we;sjQ kuq;a Y%S ,xldjg t;rï n,mEula we;sjQfha ke;' ukao Y%S ,xldfõ nexl= uyd mßudK jHdmD;sj, t;rï wdfhdackh lr fkd;sîu thg fya;=jhs'

 1994 isg 2014 olajd id¾j wd¾Ól m%;m;a;s ms<sn|j ú.%y lsÍfïoS ta w;r ld, iSudj;=< we;sjQ f.da,Sh wdydr w¾nqOh iy n, Yla;s w¾nqoh úYd, f,i id¾j wd¾Ólhg n,mEï lr we;' tjka f.da,Sh ;;a;ajhka ;=< Y%S ,xldj thg uqyqK ÿka wdldrh" wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s yd l%shdud¾. fudkjdo hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;a h.

remsh, wj-m%udKh ùu .ek;a¦ f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqoh .ek;a ú.%y bÈßm;a lrk úYd, msßi foi n,k úg fmkS hkafka wfma rg wd¾Ól úfYaI{hkaf.ka ika;Dma; ù we;s nj h' remsh, wj m%udKh ùu tl ojilska jqj úie¢h yels nj iuyre lsh;s'

f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqohla ke;ehs o w¾nqoh we;af;a Y%S ,xldfõ muKlehs lshk wh o isá;s' fï w;r úfoaYSh uq,H iïm;a jydu j¾Okh lr.; yelshehs lshk wh o isá;s'

wdKavqfjka msg isg wd¾Ól w¾nqohg úi÷ï bÈßm;a lrk lsisjl= Tjqkaf.a Wmdhud¾. meyeÈ,s lrkafka ke;' Wmdhud¾. ljf¾oehs m%Yak lrkúg W;a;rh jYfhka ,efnkafka wmg n,h § n,kak hkak h'

n%iS,fha foaYSh uqo,a tallfha jákdlu 20] lska my< nei we;' wd¾ckaákdfõ 53]lska o Ñ,S rdcHfha 10]lska o uqof,a w.h msßyS we;' wfußlka fvd,rh uQ,sl fldg ´iag%,shdfõ uqo,a tallfha jákdlu 8]lska my< nei we;' Ökfha hqjdka tallhl w.h 5]lska wjm%udKh ù we;' bkaÈhdfõ remsh, 11]lska my; jeà we;' fï ish,a, isÿ jQfha b;d flá ld,hla ;=< h' wfußlka ckdêm;s fvdk,aâ g%ïma ish uq,H fjf<| fmd< ;ukag jdisodhl f,i yiqrjñka f,dal fjf<|dug yd f,dal uq,H fjf<|fmd<g wNsfhda. lr ;sfí' ta ye‍frkakg wfußldj f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfhka bj;ajk njg ;¾ckhla o lr ;sfí' thska fmkS hkafka bÈß ld,h ;=< w¾nqoh ;j;a W;aikak úh yels nj h'

Yla;su;a wd¾Ólhka iys; Ökh" bkaÈhdj" ´iag%,shdj" tx.,ka;h jeks rgj,g mjd fï w¾nqoh wvq-jeä jYfhka n,mdkakg mgkaf.k ;sfí' tys w¾:h jkafka wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a jqj cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § ´kEu rglg wjdishla jk f,i w¾nqoh f.dvkeÕS we;s nj h' kQ;k f,dalfha lsisÿ rdcHhlg cd;Hka;r fjf<| lghq;=j,ska neyerùfï yelshdjla ke;' wd¾Ól úfYaI{hkaf.a u;hg wkqj úfoaY uqo,a jeäfhka bmehSu i|yd mshjr .ekSfuka w¾nqohg úie÷ï imhd.; yels h' th tlu úie÷u fkdjk w;r ;j;a m%dfhda.sl Wmdh ud¾. imhd.; hq;=j ;sfí' wdfhdaclhka f.kajd .ekSu" wmkhk ixj¾Okh yd wdkhk iSud lsÍu ;j;a Wmdhud¾. lsysmhls'

úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhka wfma rg fidhdf.k tkafka ke;' wm Tjqka le|jd.; yels wdl¾IŒh miqìula ilia l< hq;=h' rgl wd¾Ólfha ;;a;ajh yd uqo,a .kqfokqj, iajdNdjh fmkajk o¾Ylhla f,i fldgia fjf<| fmd< ye¢kaúh yelsh' we;eï wdfhdaclhl=f.a m<uq wjOdkh fhduq jkafka rgl fldgia fjf<| fmd< flfrysh' Y%S ,xldj ;=< wdishdfõ mrKu fldgia fjf<| fmd< mj;S' ,kavka fldgia fjf<| fmdf<ys m%Odk uOHia:dkhla o fuys mj;S' w.ue;s rks,a úl%uisxy uy;dg ,kavka fldgia fjf<|fmd< iNdm;sjrhdf.ka wdrdOkhla ,enqKq w;r Tyq tys § flá foaYkhla o mj;ajd we;' bkaÈhka id.r l,dmfha uq,H flakaøhla njg Y%S ,xldj m;alsÍu w.ue;sjrhdf.a woyils' Bg wjYH moku f.dvke‍f.ñka mj;sk nj fmfkhs'

f,dal wd¾Ólh YS>%fhka fjkia fjhs' kQ;k ;dlaIKh" ÈhqKq ikaksfõokh yd f,dal .kqfokq tys iajdNdjh yd ÈYdk;sh fjkia lrkakg mgkaf.k ;sfí' uq,H iud.ï yd nexl= moaO;s f,dal wd¾Ól jHQyh fjkia lrkakg mgkaf.k ;sfí' fï ish,a,g jvd bÈßfhka isákafka n,j;a rdcHhka w;r mj;akd fjf<| hqoaOh hs' Ökh" bkaÈhdj yd wfußldj w;r tn÷ hqoaOhla mj;S' wfußldj yd lekvdj w;r iS;, fjf<| hqoaOhla mj;S' fïjdfhys n,mEula Y%S ,xldjg ke;e’hs lsj yelafla f,dalh .ek lsisÿ jegySula ke;s flkl=g mu‚' wd¾Ól w¾nqofha úpdrlhka njg m;aj isák fndfyda fokl=g tn÷ jegySula ke;s nj Tjqkaf.a l;dj,ska fudkjg meyeÈ,s fjhs'

wd¾Ólh ms<sn| nridr ú.%y bÈßm;a lrk iuyre rfÜ wd¾Ólhg wh;a jkafka wxY ;=kla muKla nj o¦ tu wxY ;=k jkafka lDIsld¾ñl wxYh" l¾udka; wxYh yd fiajd wxYh nj;a lshd isá;s' Tjqkaf.a ú.%yhg wkqj fï wxY ;=k ÈhqKq lsÍfuka rg iajhxfmdaIs; fjhs' Tjqkaf.a ;j;a ;¾lhla jkafka fiajd wxYh muKla ÈhqKq lsÍu j;auka wdKavqfõ b,lalh ù we; hkak h' fun÷ ir, wdlD;shla ;=< rgla cd;Hka;rh ;=< bÈßhg f.k hkafka flfia o hkq .eg¨‍jls' kQ;k f,dalh foi n,kúg uq,H .kqfokq" uq,H l<ukdlrKh" uq,H iud.ï wd¾Ólfha úfYaI n,hla ysñ lrf.k ;sfí' wfkla w;ska Bg iu.dó f,i cd;Hka;r fjf<|du yd id.r wd¾Ólh keÕS isà'

cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùu hkq .%dóh wd¾Ólh w;yeÍu fkd fõ' .u fkdi,ld yeÍu o fkdfõ' tys woyi jkafka .ug kùlrKhla ,nd § .fï ksIamdokh by< kexùuh' NdKavj,ska muKla fkdj fiajdj,ska o fyd| wdodhula ,eìh yels h' isx.mamQrej f,dalfha Okj;a u rdcHhla njg m;a ù we;af;a fiajd wd¾Ólh ksid h' vqndhs l,dmh biqreu;a njg m;a j we;af;a fiajd wd¾Ólh ksid h'

Ök wd¾Ólh

miq.sh oYl 03 ;=< Ök wd¾Ólh b;d by< fõ.hlska ÈhqKqjg m;aúh' 1978 § ysgmq ckdêm;s fvka Ishd´mska ue;s;=ud ^Deng Xiaoping& úiska we;s lrk ,o wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK yd újD; wd¾Ól ms<sfj; ksid iS.%fhka trg wd¾Ólh ÈhqKqjg m;a úh' Tjqkaf.a wd¾Ólfha j¾Okh ukskq ,nk cd;Hka;r ññ folls' tkï o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha by< hdu yd mdßfNdackh by< hduh'

2001 - isg 2010 olajd o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Okh 9'9]ls' tu oYlh ;=< iïmQ¾K j¾Ok m%;sY;h 158] ls' ^f,dal nexl= jd¾;d wkqj& th b;d jeo.;a jkafka 2008 § f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqoh meje;s wjêfha § o Ökfha wd¾Ól j¾Okh by< hduh'

Ökfha o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha j¾Okh wfkl=;a rgj,a iuÕ ii|d ne,Sfuka Ökfha wd¾Ól j¾Okh fldhs;rï by< oehs oel .; yelsh' tu oYlh ;=< Ökhg miq by< wd¾Ól j¾Okhla olajk bkaÈhdfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdok j¾Okhg jvd fo.=Khlska j¾Okh úh' reishdjg jvd 2'5 lska jeäh' ol=Kq fldßhdjg jvd ;=ka .=Khls' c¾ukshg jvd 7 .=Khls' weußldjg jvd 20 .=Khl w.hla .kS'

2014 cqks udih jk úg Ökfha o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha j¾Okh 7'5]ls' fï wkqj f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=< m%n, N+ñldjla‌ ksrEmKh lrk Ökh" f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=< ;j;a n,j;a fjñka o isà'ta ksid Ök wd¾Ólhg f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=< we;s jeo.;alu yd isÿ l< yels n,mEu o j¾Okh fjñka ;sfí'

ixj¾ê; rgj,a úiska " ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, isÿ lrkq ,nk úfoaY wdfhdack uE; ld,fha § wvq ùula jd¾;d lrhs' fndfyda hqfrdamSh rgj, yd weußldkq wfhdack " 90 oYlfha § Ökhg .,d‍ .sh w;r" tys m%;st,hla f,i " Ök wdfhdackj,ska  wvq ñ,g NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh fldg f,dalfha wfkl=;a rgj,g iemhSu ksid wfkl=;a ixj¾Okh mj;sk rgj, wdfhdack my; jeà we;' Ökhg úYd, N+ñ m%udKhla " ck.ykhla yd ia:djr foaYmd,k rduqjla o mj;sk neúka o" wvq msßjehg Y%uh iy N+ñh ,nd .; yels jQ neúka o úYd, jYfhka úfoaY wdfhdack .,d f.k .sfha h'

uE; Nd.fha § úhÜkduh" nx.,dfoaYh "bkaÈhdj jeks rgj,g o Ökhg fuka uyd mßudK jdis mj;sk neúka " ksIamdok uOHia:dk ú;eka ùu isÿ úh' tfy;a Y%S ,xldj " l=vd rgla iy Y%uh w;sß;a;hla úYd, f,i fkdue;s neúka fuka u foaYmd,k wia:djrnjla " mj;sk neúka " úfoaY wdfhdack furgg " wfmalaIs; uÜgulg fkd,eì‚'

f,dalfha yeu rglau rgl ixj¾Okh .ek l;d lrkúg mQ¾j wjYH;djhla f,i i,lkafka fï wd¾Ól j¾Okhhs' fïl jeo.;a úp,Hhla f,i tlai;a cd;Ska uq,skau y÷kajd ÿkafka ;u m<uq ixj¾Ok oYlfha tkï 1960 isg 1970 ld,fha§h' tu oYlfha§ Tjqka m%ldY lf<a iEu rglau 5] l wd¾Ól j¾Okhla ,nd.; hq;= njhs'

 wd¾Ól j¾Okh muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk nj Tjqka B<Õ oYlj,§ m%ldY l<;a ;ju;a yeu rglau fyd| wd¾Ól j¾Okhla <Õdlr .ekSu w;HjYH idOlhla f,i ms<s.kS¡ tu j¾Okh yryd rfÜ ck;djf.a wdodhu by< hhs¡ rfÜ ksIamdokh by< hhs¡ rgl talmqoa., wdodhu by< hhs¡ rgl /lS rlaId bv m%ia:d ìysfõ¡ rfÜ ÿ.S nj wvq fõ' ckhdf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh hym;a fõ¡ rcfha wdodhï by< hhs¡ úfoaY wxYh hym;a lr.kakg rel=,la fõ¡ ÿmam;a rgla by< wdodhï ,nk rgla fõ¡ ta jf.au tys wys;lr m%;súmdl;a ;sfí' mßirhg ydks isÿùu" we;s ke;s mr;rh mq¿,a ùu" tajd w;r lemS fmfkhs¡

2016 j¾Ifha 3'2] l j¾Ok fõ.hla jd¾;d l< iuia; f,dalfha j¾Ok fõ.h 2017 § 3'5] la 2018 § 3'6] la f,i jefvk Wmk;shla weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí' ixj¾ê; rgj, 2016 jd¾;d jQ 1'7] j¾Okhg jvd jeä j¾Okhla tkï 2] l j¾Okhla 2017 § jd¾;d lrk nj yd 2018 § tu j¾Ok fõ.h 1'9] olajd wvq jk njg mqfrdal:kh lr,d ;sfí' tu ixj¾ê; rgj,a wfußldfõ 2016 jd¾;d l< 1'6]l j¾Okhg jvd jeä j¾Okhla ^2'1]& l 2017 yd 2018 j¾Ij, jd¾;d lrk nj;a hqfrda l,dmfha j¾Okh 2016 j¾Ifha 1'8] g idfmalaIj 2017 § 1'9] la 2018 § 1'7] la jd¾;d lrk nj;a" keÕS tk fjf<| fmd< yd ixj¾Okh jk wd¾Ól 2016 j¾Ifha 4'3] g i‍‍‍dfmalaIj 2017 yd 2018 j¾Ij, ms<sfj<ska 4'6] la yd 4'8] la jYfhka jeä wd¾Ól j¾Okhla lrd .uka lrk njg mqfrdal:kh lr ;sfí'

ixj¾Okh jk wdishdj ^Ökh yd bkaÈhdj& we;=¿ 2016 g idfmalaIj ^6'4]& 2017 yd 2018 j¾Ij, 6'5] l iq¿ jeä j¾Okhla jd¾;d lrk nj fmfka' tys§ bkaÈhdj 2017 yd 2018 j¾Ij, 7'2] la 7'7] la f,i by< j¾Okhlg hk w;r Ökh 6'7] la yd 6'4] la f,i my< j¾Okhlg hhs' wvq wdodhï ,nk rgj,a 2016 § 3'6] la 2017 § 4'6] la yd 2018 § 5'2] la f,i bÈßhg hoaÈ by< ueÈ wdodhï rgla ùug wdikak Y%S ,xldjo 2016 § 4'4] 2017 § 4'0] la yd 2018 § 5] la f,i iq¿ jYfhka jeä j¾Okhla lrd hEug kshñ;h' tfy;a 2020 § talmqoa., wdodhu 5000 la njg m;alsÍug yd 2025 § fmdfydi;a rgla ^tal mqoa., wdodhu 12235la& njg m;alsÍfï b,lal id¾:l lr .ekSug fuu j¾Ok fõ.hka m%udKj;a ke;¡

Wla; wdldrhg 2008 - 2009 f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqohg idfmalaIj f,dalfha we;sjQ ienE wd¾Ólh yd ixfÄ;d;aul wd¾Ólh w;r >Ügkh ms<no oelaúh yels w;r th wd¾Ólh ioyd úYd, jYfhka n,mEula lr we;s nj oelaúh yelsh'